| 翻訳と辞書 |
Di inferi
:''For the fictional Inferi of J.K. Rowling, see Inferi (Harry Potter).''
The ''di inferi'' or ''dii inferi'' (Latin, "the gods below")〔Varro, ''De lingua latina'' 6.13.〕 were a shadowy collective of ancient Roman deities associated with death and the underworld.〔Entry on "Death," in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome'' (Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 366.〕 The epithet ''inferi'' is also given to the mysterious Manes,〔Tacitus, ''Annales'' 13.14: ''inferos Silanorum manes''.〕 a collective of ancestral spirits. The most likely origin of the word ''Manes'' is from ''manus'' or ''manis'' (more often in Latin as its antonym ''immanis''), meaning "good" or "kindly," which was a euphemistic way to speak of the ''inferi'' so as to avert their potential to harm or cause fear.〔Robert Schilling, "The Manes," ''Roman and European Mythologies'' (University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 133.〕
==Sacrifices==
Varro (1st century BC)〔Varro, ''Divine Antiquities'', book 5, frg. 65.〕 distinguishes among the ''di superi'' ("gods above"), whose sites for offerings are called ''altaria''; the ''di terrestres'' ("terrestrial gods"), whose altars are ''arae''; and ''di inferi'', to whom offerings are made by means of ''foci'', "hearths," on the ground or in a pit. In general, animal sacrifice to gods of the upper world usually resulted in communal meals, with the cooked victim apportioned to divine and human recipients. Infernal gods, by contrast, received burnt offerings (holocausts), in which the sacrificial victims were burnt to ash, because the living were prohibited from sharing a meal with the dead. This prohibition is reflected also in funeral rites, where the deceased's passage into the realm of the dead is marked with a holocaust to his Manes at his tomb, while his family returns home to share a sacrificial meal at which his exclusion from the feast was ritually pronounced. Thereafter, he was considered part of the collective Manes, sharing in the sacrifices made to them.〔John Scheid, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors," in ''A Companion to Roman Religion'' (Blackwell, 2007), p. 271.〕
Thus victims for public sacrifices were most often domesticated animals that were a normal part of the Roman diet, while offerings of victims the Romans considered inedible, such as horses and puppies, mark a chthonic aspect of the deity propitiated, whether or not the divinity belonged to the underworld entirely. Secret ritual practices characterized as "magic" were often holocausts directed at underworld gods, and puppies were a not uncommon offering, especially to Hecate.〔Scheid, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors," pp. 263–264, 269; Robert Parker, ''Miasma: Pollution and Purification in Early Greek Religion'' (Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 357–358; Fritz Graf, "What Is New about Greek Sacrifice?" in ''Kykeon: Studies in Honour of H.S. Versnel'' (Brill, 2002), p. 118.〕 ''Di inferi'' were often invoked in binding spells ''(defixiones)'', which offer personal enemies to them.〔Auguste Audollent, ''Defixionum Tabellae'' (A. Fontemoing, 1904), pp. lxii, xcvi, with examples p. 253; Francisco Marco Simon, "''Formae Mortis: El Tránsito de la Muerte en las Sociedades Antiguas'' (University of Barcelona, 2009), p. 170; Scheid, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors," p. 269.〕 The infernal gods were also the recipients on the rare occasions when human sacrifice was carried out in Rome.〔Scheid, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors," p. 269.〕 The ritual of ''devotio'', when a general pledged his own life as an offering along with the enemy, was directed at the gods of the underworld under the name ''Di Manes''.〔Frances Hickson Hahn, "Performing the Sacred: Prayers and Hymns," in ''A Companion to Roman Religion,'' p. 239.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Di inferi」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|